Verbs Borrowed from Georgian in the Tsova-Tush Language

Abstract

There are numerous verb forms borrowed from the Georgian language in Tsova-Tush, which constitute an essential component of the vocabulary. This article examines the methods and strategies of phonetic and morphosyntactic adaptation of borrowed forms. The direct borrowing of verbs from Georgian into Tsova-Tush, in verb form, does not occur. Tsova-Tush borrows solely the verbal noun, masdar, shaping it through its own auxiliary verbs, d-ar and d-al-ar. The first of these produces transitive verbs , while the second one generates intransitive verbs through affixation to both their own and borrowed stems. The elements d-ar and d-al-ar, in this case, serve a verb derivational function, affixing all inflectional elements, while the main content is expressed through the masdar. Consequently, Georgian Masdars are marked as verbs in Tsova-Tush. Hence, it can be asserted that all borrowed verbs in Tsova-Tush undergo composite formation: a complex verb is created by using the borrowed Masdar with its own verb derivational elements, specifically auxiliary verbs. In addition to phonetic adjustments, a morpho-syntactic adaptation of borrowed verbs takes place, facilitated by the aforementioned auxiliary verbs, resulting in their verbification. the adaptation of borrowed forms from Georgian into the Tsova-Tush language encompasses several stages: a) adaptation to the phonemic structure of the receiving language; b) verbification of a borrowed word; c) to determine its valency: d-ar always derives a transitive verb, while d-al-ar derives an intransitive one. Additionally, marking it as a verb and determining the inflectional class are accomplished by the same derivatives.